DMSO stock is one of those subjects where the details matter more than the headlines. This page pulls together the background, the mechanisms, and the practical points readers ask about most.
Last reviewed on 2025-11-10. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
Regulatory status varies by country and intended use. Major drug agencies have not granted marketing authorization for SR9009 as a medicine, and it is not listed as a controlled substance in many jurisdictions. It is often sold as a research chemical, a category that may fall outside pharmaceutical manufacturing rules. Buyers should verify local laws and supplier documentation, including certificates of analysis. The lack of standardized quality controls raises concerns about identity, purity, and actual content in products marketed online.
In laboratory settings, SR9009 is commonly identified by its molecular structure and its interaction with REV-ERB receptors. Vendors may list it under synonyms such as Stenabolic or REV-ERB agonist, but those names do not define purity or identity. Analytical confirmation typically uses high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection or liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. A reference standard is needed to compare retention time and mass spectrum, because the compound can be confused with related research chemicals.
Handling practices for SR9009 focus on minimizing degradation and contamination. The solid is generally stored desiccated at or below -20 °C, protected from light and moisture. Stock solutions are often prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol, then aliquoted to avoid repeated freeze–thaw cycles. Aqueous solubility is low, so formulations for animal studies may require cosolvents or suspending agents. Personnel should follow institutional chemical safety procedures, because toxicological data for humans are incomplete.
In rodent studies, SR9009 has been reported to increase mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and improve exercise endurance under some conditions. These findings led to popular descriptions such as an exercise mimetic, although that term oversimplifies the biology. Effects vary by dose, timing, tissue, and model. The compound's influence on circadian pathways means that time of administration can matter in experiments. Whether similar metabolic changes occur in humans remains largely unexplored in controlled published trials.
Pharmacokinetic data for SR9009 are limited in published literature. Some reports indicate low oral bioavailability and rapid clearance in animals, which complicates interpretation of exposure and effect. Researchers often use injected routes in preclinical work to achieve measurable systemic levels. Analytical studies rely on mass spectrometry to detect the parent compound and its metabolites. Questions about tissue distribution, active metabolites, and long-term consequences remain open. Species differences in metabolism can affect observed half-life and target engagement.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | White to off-white solid | Visual inspection is not sufficient for identity. |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol | Low solubility in water. |
| Typical storage | -20 °C, desiccated, dark | Protect from repeated temperature changes. |
| Common analytical method | LC-MS or HPLC-UV | Reference standard required for comparison. |
| Common synonyms | SR9009; Stenabolic; REV-ERB agonist | Vendor naming may vary. |
For long-term storage, SR9009 is typically kept as a solid at low temperature, protected from moisture and light. Desiccated conditions limit hydrolysis, while opaque containers reduce photochemical breakdown. Solutions are less stable than solids and are often stored frozen in aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Stability data are not standardized across all suppliers, so users should rely on certificate-of-analysis information when available. Degradation may appear as color change, precipitate, or decreased chromatographic purity.
Laboratory identification of SR9009 typically relies on chromatographic separation coupled to mass spectrometry, often with ultraviolet detection as a secondary check. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can confirm molecular structure when a reference standard is available. Because many suppliers sell the compound as a research chemical, independent identity testing is important for experimental reproducibility. A single retention time is not sufficient proof of identity, especially when related compounds may be present. Purity assessments usually report a percentage based on area normalization.
== In the news == On January 5th, 2026, Nestlé issued a global recall of some batches of infant formula, due to the presence of cereulide. The cereulide was found in a Nestlé production facility in Nunspeet the Netherlands. On January 24th 2026, Danone also recalled a single batch of infant formula. The contaminated ingredient was arachidonic acid oil.
Temgicoluril (INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name), also known as tetramethylglycoluril and sold under the brand names Adaptol and Mebicar, is an anxiolytic medication produced by Latvian pharmaceutical company Olainfarm and sold in Latvia and Russia. The chemical structure of temgicoluril is somewhat similar to uric acid and it doesn't interact with acids, alkali, oxidants and reducing agents. It seems to affect all major neurotransmitter systems. Temgicoluril has an effect on the structure of limbic–reticular activity, particularly on hypothalamus emotional zone, as well as on all several basic neuromediator systems – γ aminobutyric acid (GABA), choline, serotonin, and adrenergic activity. It decreases brain norepinephrine levels and increases brain serotonin levels without modulating dopaminergic systems or cholinergic systems. Temgicoluril purportedly has anti-anxiety (anxiolytic) properties. It is also used to aid smoking cessation. In addition, temgicoluril may be useful in the treatment of ADHD symptoms. In contrast with typical anxiolytic medications such as benzodiazepines, temgicoluril is non-habit forming, non-sedating, and does not impair motor function. It can be prepared by condensation of 1,3-dimethylurea with glyoxal. One publication described such a procedure. They combined dimethylurea and glyoxal with a catalytic amount of phosphoric acid anhydride in an aqueous solution at room temperature and after sufficient time temgicoluril was conveniently isolated by filtration.
Furthermore, these findings emphasize the dual role of RAGE in both EV biogenesis and as a mediator of inflammation through vesicular cross-talk, which has implications for targeting RAGE-EV interactions in therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating inflammatory diseases.
Incretins are a group of peptide metabolic hormones that decrease blood glucose levels. Incretins are released after eating and augment the secretion of insulin released from pancreatic beta cells of the islets of Langerhans by a blood-glucose–dependent mechanism. Incretins such as GLP-1 inhibit glucagon release from the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans. In addition, they slow the rate of absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream by reducing gastric emptying and may reduce food intake. The two main peptides that fulfill criteria for an incretin are the intestinal peptide glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP, also known as: glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide). GIP is produced and secreted into the blood by K cells located in the mucosa of the upper gastrointestinal tract's duodenum and upper jejunum while GLP1 is produced and secreted into the blood by L cells located in the mucosa of the lower gastrointestinal tracts small and large intestines. Short-chain fatty acids (primarily acetic, propionic, and butyric acids), which microganisms form in the intestines, bind to the FFAR2 and FFAR3 receptors on K cells and L cells to stimulate their respective production and secretion of GIP and GLP-1. Both GLP-1 and GIP are inactivated by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) and are members of the glucagon peptide superfamily.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
CPA3 (also known as mast-cell CPA) is involved in the digestion of proteins by mast cells. CPA4 (previously known as CPA-3, but renumbered when mast-cell CPA was designated CPA-3) may be involved in tumor progression, but this enzyme has not been well studied. CPA5 has not been well studied. CPA6 is expressed in many tissues during mouse development, and in adult shows a more limited distribution in brain and several other tissues. CPA6 is present in the extracellular matrix where it is enzymatically active. A human mutation of CPA-6 has been linked to Duane's syndrome (abnormal eye movement). Recently, mutations in CPA6 were found to be linked to epilepsy. CPA6 is also one of several enzymes which degrade enkephalins.
BrO3− + 5 Br− + 6 H+ → 3 Br2 + 3 H2O There were many failed attempts to obtain perbromates and perbromic acid, leading to some rationalisations as to why they should not exist, until 1968 when the anion was first synthesised from the radioactive beta decay of unstable 83SeO42−. Today, perbromates are produced by the oxidation of alkaline bromate solutions by fluorine gas. Excess bromate and fluoride are precipitated as silver bromate and calcium fluoride, and the perbromic acid solution may be purified. The perbromate ion is fairly inert at room temperature but is thermodynamically extremely oxidising, with extremely strong oxidising agents needed to produce it, such as fluorine or xenon difluoride. The Br–O bond in BrO4− is fairly weak, which corresponds to the general reluctance of the 4p elements arsenic, selenium, and bromine to attain their group oxidation state, as they come after the scandide contraction characterised by the poor shielding afforded by the radial-nodeless 3d orbitals.
== Kosmotropes and chaotropes == Highly charged ions interact strongly with water, breaking hydrogen bonds and inducing electrostatic structuring of nearby water, and are thus called "structure-makers" or "kosmotropes". Conversely, weak ions can disrupt the structure of water, and are thus called "structure-breakers" or "chaotropes". The order of the tendency of ions to make or break water structure is the basis of the Hofmeister series. Hofmeister discovered a series of salts that have consistent effects on the solubility of proteins and, as it was discovered later, on the stability of their secondary and tertiary structures. Anions appear to have a larger effect than cations, and are usually ordered as follows:
== External links == glycosciences.de This site provides databases and bioinformatics tools for glycobiology and glycomics. GlycomeDB, A carbohydrate structure metadatabase GlycoBase A web HPLC/UPLC resource that contains elution positions expressed as glucose unit values. ProGlycAn A short introduction to glycan analysis and a nomenclature for N-Glycans Emanual Maverakis; et al. "Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity" (PDF). CD BioGlyco This site provides database and tools in the field of glycomics, from glycan release, separation, and purification, glycan derivatization to glycan characterization and quantification.
===== PurN GAR transformylase ===== PurN GAR transformylase 1CDE uses the coenzyme N10-formyltetrahydrofolate (N10-formyl-THF) as a formyl donor to formylate the α-amino group of GAR. In eukaryotes, PurN GAR transformylase is part of a large multifunctional protein, but is found as a single protein in prokaryotes.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry is common for identity and purity checks. High-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection can also be used. Both methods require a suitable reference standard.
The solid is usually kept desiccated at -20 °C or lower and protected from light. Stock solutions are aliquoted to limit freeze–thaw cycles. Aqueous solutions are not generally recommended for long-term storage.
Laws differ by country and by intended use. It is not an approved medicine, and many vendors sell it as a research chemical. Purchasers are responsible for confirming local restrictions.
It is a synthetic research compound that activates REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved drug or dietary supplement. Most information comes from cell and animal studies.