Everything below concerns circadian rhythm. We keep the language plain, cite what the science says, and separate well-supported claims from open questions.
Updated 2026-03-19. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
SR9009 is often grouped with compounds studied for circadian and metabolic regulation rather than with classical anabolic steroids. Its interactions with nuclear receptors differ from those of androgen receptor ligands, and its proposed mechanisms involve transcriptional control rather than direct hormone signaling. Some sources classify it as a metabolic modulator because of observed effects on energy utilization. The distinction matters for regulation and for interpreting research results across different compound classes.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as a REV-ERB agonist. It binds to REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, the compound alters lipid and glucose handling and influences skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Its exact effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized because controlled clinical trials have not been reported. The molecule is frequently described in preclinical literature as a metabolic modulator.
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies showing improved running endurance in mice after short treatment periods. Those experiments linked the compound to increased mitochondrial content and fatty acid oxidation in muscle, but the findings come from animal models and specific dosing schedules. Independent replication has been limited, and the pathways connecting REV-ERB activation to exercise performance are still being mapped. Whether similar responses occur in humans is an open question.
Because REV-ERB receptors are core clock components, SR9009 has been examined for effects on daily rhythms as well as metabolism. Research has explored whether the compound can shift or reinforce circadian gene expression in tissues such as liver and muscle. Some studies report improved metabolic markers in obese or diabetic mice, while others show context-dependent responses. Questions remain about which effects are direct, which are secondary to timing, and how they might differ across species.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of REV-ERB nuclear receptors. REV-ERB alpha and REV-ERB beta help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory research, SR9009 has been used to probe how these receptors affect skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. The compound was identified in academic drug-discovery work and is often described in scientific literature by its chemical name and research code. It is not an approved medicine, and human clinical data remain limited or absent.
SR9009 binds REV-ERB receptors and alters their repressive activity on target genes. This action can change transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. In rodent studies, treated animals have shown changes in muscle oxidative capacity and exercise performance, though effects vary by dose, duration, and model. The precise molecular steps connecting receptor binding to whole-body outcomes are still an active area of investigation. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular formula | C20H24ClN3O4S | Reported for the free base |
| Molecular weight | 437.9 g/mol | Calculated from the formula |
| Primary target | REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ | Nuclear receptors involved in circadian regulation |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol | Poorly soluble in water |
| Typical storage | -20 °C, desiccated | Protect from light and moisture |
Detection of SR9009 in biological samples usually employs liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This method can identify the parent compound and sometimes metabolites in urine or blood. Because exposure can be low and clearance may be rapid, sample timing and limits of detection matter. Laboratories validate assays for sensitivity and specificity. Results are interpreted alongside chain-of-custody and quality-control records. Urine is the common matrix for anti-doping analysis, while blood may be used in research settings.
Handling recommendations for SR9009 in a laboratory setting include storing the solid at low temperature, protected from light and moisture. The compound is often dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol for experiments. Solutions should be prepared with appropriate personal protective equipment and disposed of according to local rules. Stability data for long-term storage are limited, so stock solutions are typically kept cold and used within defined periods. Records of preparation date and concentration support reproducibility.
SR9009 is not approved as a medicine by major regulatory agencies. It is commonly sold as a research chemical, a category that may fall outside customary drug approval and quality rules. In sports, the World Anti-Doping Agency lists SR9009 as a prohibited substance. Athletes who use it can face sanctions if it is detected in a sample. Legal status varies by country, and importation may be restricted. Enforcement practices differ across borders.
=== Politicians and administrators === Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa (Gere/Fulani) – Nigerian politician and the first prime minister of an independent Nigeria. Ahmadu Bello – Sardauna of Sokoto and first premier of Northern Region of Nigeria. Shehu Shagari – Turaki of Sokoto and the first elected president of Nigeria. Major-General Mohammadu Buhari – former president and former Head of State of Nigeria. Umaru Musa Yar'Adua – former president of Nigeria. Namadi Sambo - former vice president of Nigeria Aminu Kano – politician and teacher. Atiku Abubakar – former vice president of Nigeria. Muhammadu Abubakar Rimi – former governor of Kano State, politician. Rabiu Kwankwaso – former governor of Kano State, Nigeria, former minister of defence. Abdullahi Umar Ganduje – former governor of Kano State, Nigeria. Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai – former governor of Kaduna State, former minister of federal capital. Isa Yuguda - economist, former Minister of Aviation, former governor of Bauchi State. Abubakar Atiku Bagudu – former governor of Kebbi State, Senate Second Republic, Nigeria. Sule Lamido – former governor of Jigawa State, Nigeria, former minister of foreign affairs. Aliyu Magatakarda Wamakko – former governor of Sokoto State and current senator of Sokoto North. Danbaba Suntai - former governor Of Taraba State. Dikko Umar Radda - Governor of Katsina State. Gidado Idris – former secretary to the Government of The Federation. Muhammadu Dikko Yusufu - former Inspector General of Police.
== NPU foundations == C-NPU has been managing the development of structured definitions for laboratory result information for the IFCC and IUPAC and making recommendations through papers, recommendations, and technical reports. These mostly joint documents are available from the old IUPAC website [Y].
Supporters argue that the clinics aim not just to eliminate narcotic addictions, but also to help people function in their lives. Methadone clinics may decrease the use of emergency rooms by patients addicted to opioids According to a 2009 Cochrane review, methadone maintenance treatments decreased the likelihood that heroin dependent patients would use heroin, but did not change crime or mortality rates. However, the bulk of the current research supports the hypothesis that methadone clinics do in fact reduce overdose and substance-related crime.
==== First-pass effect and differences ==== Oral testosterone and oral testosterone undecanoate are not hepatotoxic, unlike orally administered 17α-alkylated anabolic steroids such as methyltestosterone and fluoxymesterone but similarly to parenteral routes and forms of bioidentical testosterone like injections.
Liraglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist taken by subcutaneous injection once daily. Naltrexone/bupropion, a combination of naltrexone and bupropion taken by mouth twice daily. Orlistat is a lipase inhibitor taken by mouth three times daily with each main meal containing fat. Orlistat reduces intestinal fat absorption by inhibiting pancreatic lipase. Over the longer term, average weight loss on orlistat is 2.9 kg (6.4 lb). It leads to a reduced incidence of diabetes, and has some effect on cholesterol. However, there is little information on how it affects the longer-term complications or outcomes of obesity. It also inhibits absorption of fat soluble vitamins; vitamins A, D, E and K, so supplementation is needed for those on orlistat. Phentermine/topiramate combination of phentermine and topiramate taken by mouth once daily. Semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist taken by subcutaneous injection once weekly. Tirzepatide is a gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) analog and a GLP-1 receptor agonist taken by subcutaneous injection once weekly. As of 2023, tirzepatide has shown the greatest weight reduction of medications. Phendimetrazine, diethylpropion, and phentermine are approved by the FDA for short term use, up to 12 weeks at a time.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Insect decline === Both number of insects and number of insect species have declined dramatically and continuously over past decades, causing much concern. Many causes are proposed to contribute to this decline, the most agreed upon are loss of habitat, intensification of farming practices, and insecticide usage. Domestic bees were declining some years ago but population and number of colonies have now risen both in the USA and worldwide. Wild species of bees are still declining.
Nazi Party election results presents a series of tables that summarize the election results of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, NSDAP), usually referred to as the Nazi Party, in German national and state elections, during its existence. They display the number of votes received, the percentage of the vote, the Party's numerical ranking, the number of parliamentary seats won and the change in the number of seats.
The two substrates of this enzyme are S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione and oxidised nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Its products are S-formylglutathione, reduced NADH, and a proton. The enzyme can also use the alternative cofactor, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione:NAD+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include NAD-linked formaldehyde dehydrogenase (incorrect), formaldehyde dehydrogenase (incorrect), formic dehydrogenase (incorrect), class III alcohol dehydrogenase, ADH3, &chi, -ADH, FDH (incorrect), formaldehyde dehydrogenase (glutathione) (incorrect), GS-FDH (incorrect), glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase (incorrect), NAD-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase, GD-FALDH, and NAD- and glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase. This enzyme participates in methane metabolism.
==== Cuba ==== Cuba has contributed security and counterintelligence to Venezuela's Maduro since before the US military buildup; that support has expanded during the buildup to include more bodyguards, security and counterintelligence officers, who are considered less likely to rise against Maduro. The government of Cuba said 32 citizens were killed engaging in "direct combat" in Venezuela during the 3 January capture of Maduro.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic REV-ERB agonist used mainly in preclinical research. It is not an approved medicine for human use.
It binds to REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, nuclear receptors involved in circadian and metabolic gene regulation. This can alter transcription of genes related to lipid and glucose metabolism in experimental models.
No controlled human trials have established that effect. Endurance findings come primarily from rodent studies, and human responses remain unknown.
SR9009 is a synthetic research compound that acts on REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not approved for human use and is sold only as a research chemical. Its effects have been studied mainly in cells and rodents.